Why Do Earthquakes Occur Near Tectonic Plate Boundaries Essay

Why Do Earthquakes Occur Near Tectonic Plate Boundaries - Essay Example The hot plumes create volcanoes, while the jerky action of the movement results in seismic waves that create an earthquake. The volcanic lava flowing to the surface creates islands such as the Hawaiian Islands. Figure 2 illustrates the seismic activity that takes place when two continental plates collide. The lithosphere floats on the asthenosphere. The lithosphere has broken up the earth's crust into ten major Figure 2 (US Geological Survey) tectonic plates. Here we see one of the crustal plates being forced under the other, producing earthquakes. A mountain range is produced at the plate boundaries as the rock formations are deformed and moved upward by the action of the shifting plates. Some of the rocks in the mountains may have been set down in an ocean environment that existed between the two continental crusts prior to collision. Figure 3 shows the boundaries of the major tectonic plates. As these plates shift over time, earthquakes occur at the point of collision. As can be seen on this map, the boundaries are the most earthquake prone areas on earth. This Figure 3 (US Geological Survey) includes the California coast, Japan, and The destruction and number of deaths caused by earthquakes is proportional to the magnitude of the earthquake. Measured on the Richter scale from 1 to 10, each successive number is 10x the magnitude of the previous number. A magnitude 7 is 10 times stronger than a magnitude 6, and a magnitude 8 is 100 times stronger than a magnitude 6. Obviously a stronger earthquake is capable of more destruction. More deaths will generally occur when the earthquake hits a population center. However, there have been innovations in the last 100 years that have helped minimize the destruction and reduce the death toll. Understanding plate tectonics and mapping the world to reveal major fault lines has led to improved building construction around the world. The National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) conducts research and presents programs of public education. They have also developed standards for the safe design and construction of buildings and other structures. One major change to the Uniform Building Code involves a structure which is supported by a number of bearing pads that are located at the base of the building and the foundation. As the earth's crust moves in one direction, the pads themselves absorb the vibration and the building essentially remains stationary. Japan and California face similar seismic activity and geological threats. Experts from these areas have been world leaders in developing safer construction methods and stricter building codes. These techniques have resulted in more earthquake resistant structures in public schools, bridges, hospitals, and dams. Works Cited Earthquake Hazards Program. 24 Oct. 2006. US Geological Service. 13 Dec. 2006 . National Earthquak

Athens State Information Systems and Information Technology Research Paper

Athens State Information Systems and Information Technology - Research Paper Example Student Advising Module is an element that is provided by Athens State University through Banner. SAM is the students’ official plan of the study which gives students chances to view courses according to year. It also allows the students to view unofficial transcripts, degree plans, as well as grades from the courses, completed recently. SAM’s applicability is the matter to the accurateness of the academic history of students as well as the programs that are installed in SAM. It allows the students to receive the updated transcripts regarding the raises as well as promotions after completing the degrees or courses. This means that the students get information directly from the instructor posts the grades. The degree planner offers students guarantee for coursework pertinent to degree plan as well as the updated grade for expected graduation. SunGard Banner has utilized by the Athens State University. It has helped the University in analyzing, measure as well as improves academic programs and student victory projects. This is an automated self-service software package that connects the whole institution. Banner provides, as well as grades from the courses, s, account information, and needs of course material and individual information control ability to students of Athens States University. This system assists the students who in few years ago had to travel to the institution in order to get and fill the forms, and move from one campus to another in order to finish the required tasks.  

Metodologi atau kaedah

Metodologi atau kaedah Pengenalan Metodologi atau kaedah yang digunakan dalam sesebuah kajian merupakan suatu bentuk kawalan dalam memperolehi data dan maklumat supaya mampu menjawab objektif-objektif yang digariskan dalam kajian yang dijalankan ini. Untuk lebih jelasnya, bab ini akan menjelaskan kaedah yang digunakan dalam kajian stres dalam kalangan pelajar sekolah menengah persekolahan satu sesi di daerah Nebong Tebal. Secara khususnya bab ini menerangkan metodologi kajian yang meliputi reka bentuk kajian, populasi kajian, sampel kajian, persampelan, instrumen kajian, kesahan kebolehpercayaan, kajian rintis dan penganalisisan data. Reka Bentuk Kajian Menurut Sulaiman Masri (2003), reka bentuk penyelidikan ialah perancangan yang menentukan cara penyelidikan yang dijalankan untuk menemukan jawapan kepada permasalahan penyelidikan yang telah ditetapkan pada bab I. Dalam kajian ini, pengkaji menggunakan kaedah kuantitatif yang dijalankan secara tinjauan (survey) terhadap responden kajian yang terlibat. Lokasi Kajian Lokasi kajian ini terhad kepada sebuah sekolah menengah satu sesi yang terlelak di daerah Nibong Tebal. Populasi dan Sampel Kajian Populasi kajian ini adalah terdiri daripada pelajar tingkatan 2 di sebuah sekolah menengah satu sesi yang terletak di Daerah Nebong Tebal. Pemilihan pelajar tingkatan 2 ini adalah kerana mereka tidak terlibat dengan peperiksaan awam yang boleh mengganggu mereka. Seramai 60 orang yang terdiri daripada 30 orang lelaki dan 30 orang perempuan dari sekolah satu sesi tersebut telah dipilih mengikut prosedur persampelan rawak. Menurut Chua Yan Piaw (2006), prosedur persampelan rawak mudah digunakan untuk memastikan setiap unit atau subjek dalam populasi mempunyai peluang yang sama untuk dipilih sebagai responden kajian. Instrumen Kajian Menurut Fraenkel dan Wallen (2007) The term instrumentation refers to the entire process of collecting data in a research investigation. (Hlm : 144) Instrumen yang digunakan dalam kajian ini terdiri daripada satu set soal selidik yang dibahagikan kepada dua bahagian, iaitu bahagian A (5 items) : yang berkaitan dengan Demografi responden. Bahagian ini terdiri daripada jantina, jarak ke sekolah, pergi ke sekolah, skor awal tahun dan skor akhir tahun. Bahagian B mempunyai 25 items yang berkaitan tentang tekanan pelajar tentang persekolahn satu sesi dan kesan yang dialami oleh pelajar akibat persekolahan satu sesi. Skala pengukuran yang digunakan dalam bahagian B adalah jenis likert yang terdiri daripada lima skor utama seperti berikut : 1 = Amat tidak setuju. 2 = Tidak setuju. 3 = Kurang setuju 4 = Setuju. 5 = Amat Setuju. Kajian Rintis Kajian rintis (pilot study) merupakan kajian sejarah kecil-kecilan yang dilaksanakan sebelum kajian sebenar dilakukan (Chua Yan Piaw, 2006). Dalam kajian ini, pengkaji menjalankan kajian rintis yang bertujuan untuk mendapatkan maklumat awal berhubung kesahan dan keboleh percayaan instrumen yang dibina. Item-item ini dalam soal selidik telah diuji bagi memastikan sama ada terdapat kekeliruan, kesukaran menjawab, ketidak jelasan, salah faham, dan lain-lain interpretasi yang tidak jelas. Sampel yang terlibat dalam ujian ini terdiri daripada 60 responden di sebuah sekolah yang berhampiran dengan sekolah kajian. Hasil kajian rintis ini mendapati bahawa semua item dalam bahagian B (Faktor stress dan beban belajar) yang berunsur positif perlu digugurkan dan digantikan dengan item yang lebih sesuai mengikut objektif kajian ini. Kesahan dan Kebolehpercayaan Kajian rintis (pilot study) juga telah digunakan untuk menguji kesahan soalan kajian. Borang soal selidik telah dianalisis bagi melihat darjah kebolehpercayaan (cronbach alpha). Ujian kebolehpercayaan (reliability test) dilakukan terhadap soalan yang berkaitan dengan faktor stres, kesan stres dan beban belajar kepada kesihatan diri dan kehidupan dalam keluarga. Kepentingan ujian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tentang item soal selidik yang disediakan mempunyai kebolehpercayaan yang tinggi. Kesesuaian soalan telah dinilai dari segi kefahaman pelajar terhadap tatabahasa, kandungan dan masa yang diambil untuk menjawab semua soal selidik tersebut. Menurut Mohd Majid Konting (2004), pekali kebolehpercayaan yang lebih daripada 0.60 sering digunakan. Oleh itu, nilai alpha yang digunakan untuk ujian kebolehpercayaan ini ialah 0.60. Hasil kajian ini mendapati bahawa soalan faktor stres, kesan stres dan beban belajar kepada kesihatan diri dan kehidupan dalam keluarga mempunyai kebolehpercayaan yang tinggi. Jadual 3.1 di bawah menunjukkan hasil yang diperolehi daripada ujian kebolehpercayaan yang dilakukan. Jadual 3.1 : Nilai alpha ujian kebolehpercayaan (reliability test) faktor diri dan latar belakang kehidupan dalam keluarga. Stres yang disebabkan oleh faktor diri, interpersonal, dan organisasi adalah sebagai berikut : Analisis Data Pengkaji menganalisis data dengan menggunakan statistik deskriptif bagi menjawab soalan-soalan kajian. Data daripada borang soal selidik akan dianalisis menggunakan program SPSS for windows version 15.0 untuk mendapatkan kekerapan (frekuensi) dan peratusan bagi setiap soalan kajian. Data kajian diwakilkan dalam bentuk jadual dan rajah serta dibuat tafsiran umum. Manakala analisis data dibuat dengan membandingkan peratusan tertinggi dan terendah serta nilai skor min dan skor piawai bagi setiap soalan kajian. Kesimpulan Dalam kajian ini, pengkaji telah menggunakan kaedah soal selidik sepenuhnya untuk mendapatkan dapatan kajian daripada responden yang dipilih secara rawak tentang faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan stres dan beban belajar dan kesan stres dan beban kerja kepada kesihatan diri dan kehidupan dalam keluarga. Sebuah sekolah menengah harian satu sesi di daerah Nibong Tebal telah dijadikan lokasi kajian dan 60 responden telah dipilih sebagai sampel kajian yang terdiri daripada 60 pelajar daripada sekolah menengah tersebut. Hasil dapatan kajian ini akan disenarai dan dihuraikan secara terperinci dalam bab 4 akan datang.

The Flaw of Excessive Thought in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay -- GCSE C

The Flaw of Excessive Thought in Hamlet  Ã‚         In Hamlet, Shakespeare has his troubled title character dejectedly sigh the words, "there is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so" (II.ii.255). With this line, Hamlet unwittingly defines the underlying theme of the play. The tragedy of Hamlet is based on conflicts produced when Hamlet and another character have conflicting feelings of what is "good or bad." Ophelia dies for the conflict between Hamlet's romantic love and Polonius and Laertes's protective caution. Hamlet himself is torn between whether to consider his father's ghost as an angel or a demon. The prince's final decision rests on the very basic necessity of life itself, and whether continuing to live is worth the pain of living.    Ophelia dies because of the conflict between Hamlet's love and Polonius's paternal concern for his daughter. The young lovers can find nothing bad at all about their relationship, and in fact, Hamlet's mother would love nothing better than to see the two wed (V.i.267-269). Polonius and Laertes, on the other hand, have observed Hamlet's brooding, pensive mood after the elder Hamlet's death, and are wary of his uncertain motivations. Laertes tells Ophelia that Hamlet's love for her is merely "a violet in the youth of primy nature, forward, not permanent -- sweet, not lasting; the perfume and suppliance of a minute, no more" (I.iii.7-10). Both father and brother warn Ophelia that Hamlet's motivation for wooing her are solely, or at least mostly, political, not romantic. "He may not, as unvalued persons do, crave for himself, for on his choice depends the safety and health of this whole state" (I.iii.19-21). Between the opposition from Polonius and the matters of revenge... ...life itself, is "good or bad". It is the conflict in Hamlet's soul between good and bad that causes the outward conflicts with other characters which lead to his eventual downfall in Act V. No event in itself would have triggered such a devastating shock to young Hamlet without his pondering its implications as he does. Nothing would have been so good or bad, had it not been for Hamlet's thinking which made it so.    Works Cited and Consulted: Berkeley, George. A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge. 1710. Ed. Kenneth Winkler. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1982. Berman, Allison. "We Only Find Ourselves." Hamlet reaction papers. Wynnewood: FCS, 2000. Lugo, Michael. "Thus Conscience Does Make Cowards of Us All." Hamlet reaction papers. Wynnewood: FCS, 2000. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. Sylvan Barnet. New York: Signet Classic, 1998.

Compare how love is presented in three poems in the Poetry Anthology Essay

Plena Timoris by Thomas Hardy, Refugee Mother and Child by Chinua Achebe and Piano by D. H. Lawrence are all poems that explore the theme of love, although they may seem very different at first glance. Plena Timoris tells of two young lovers’ relationship as it ends, while Refugee Mother and Child shows the strong bond between a mother and her child and Piano takes the poet down the road of remembrance into his childhood. As many readers would know, love can be a painful thing. However, the first stanza of Plena Timoris portrays a seemingly perfect and flawless love of a man and woman. The poet constructs the setting to be that of a typical love poem by using the images of â€Å"parapet-stone† and â€Å"the moon in its southing directly blent / its silver with their environment†, the moon being a symbol of romance and secret meetings with lovers in the 19th century, the time of the poem. The alliteration of the â€Å"l† sound in â€Å"lovers looked† and â€Å"laughed and leant† suggests that the lovers are harmonious and at one with each other and their surroundings as the â€Å"l† sound is one that is soft, smooth, flowing and not at all abrupt. The image of â€Å"his arm around her† shows the sense of security within their relationship, the regular rhyme scheme of ABBAB and the regular structure of four stanzas of five lines, adding to this security, comfort and predictability. This very positive portrayal of love convinces the reader to pursue love as love is shown as achievable perfection and therefore links love to perfection. Refugee Mother and Child illustrates a different type of love: the affections of a mother for her child. The poet alludes to the recognized image of the Madonna and Child to show the eternal love of a mother for her child and that this love is universal whether it is between the Madonna and Child or a refugee and her son. The poet also implies his thoughts on how the love of the refugee for her child is greater and more tender than the love of the Madonna as the refugee is in a very bleak situation. This greater love is shown by â€Å"no Madonna could touch that picture of a mother’s tenderness.† The purity and strength of the mother’s love is shown through the synaesthia â€Å"singing in her eyes†, symbolising the hope and pride of the mother despite the bleak circumstance. Positive phrases and nouns, such as â€Å"pride† and â€Å"flowers†, are scarce in the poem, causing them to stand out even more against the many negative phrases. This contrast makes the good seem better than it is, and the impact that these nouns have is made stronger and stronger as the poem goes on. Piano, on the poet’s close relationship with his mother is another positive portrayal of love between a mother and her child. However, it is shown in a different perspective in that it is from the perspective of the child. The sibilance in â€Å"smiles as she sings† helps to replicate the calm and relaxed atmosphere of â€Å"the cosy parlour† and the warm affections of the mother and child. This is added to by â€Å"the heart of me weeps to belong† as the heart is where deep feelings are said to originate and belong. It also emphasises that the mother is the emotional heart of the poet’s childhood, as she is of Piano. It is obvious that there is a strong bond between the poet and his mother, and this sense of security and predictability is heightened by the regular rhyme scheme of AABB, which is a reminder of the patterns of melody in music, and the constant structure of four lines in each stanza. To me though, the sense of security that the poet felt at home is surprising, given that his childhood was overshadowed by negativities, such as his father who was a heavy drinker. However, this serves only to further communicate the poet’s love for his mother, emphasising that his mother was the emotional heart of his childhood as she is of Piano. All three poems contain positive elements of love in their different portrayals. However, all three poems also bear with them, pain and sadness. Refugee Mother and Child conveys the negative of the situation it portrays in extreme. There is death and disease all around and â€Å"the air was heavy with odours / of diarrhoea†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , but in contrast to what I would have expected, death brought the mother and child closer together. The poet mentions how things would have been different â€Å"in another life†, and future conditionals in the past tense such as â€Å"would have been† and â€Å"would have to forget† serve to separate the mother from the alternative lifestyle that we in the wealthy portion of the world take for granted. As a result of the separation, the act of â€Å"part[ing] it (the child’s hair† becomes greatly significant as it would be a â€Å"daily act of no consequence† in the alternative life, but instead, it was as though she was â€Å"putting flowers on a tiny grave†. This image that the poem builds up to is a final representation of death as it is often seen at funerals, showing that the mother is preparing her child for his death as she parts her child’s hair, making it perfect as she would do had he been dead. In this, death brings them together as the mother wants more time with her son, and treasures the physical contact with him as she parts his hair â€Å"carefully†. In contrast, death tears apart the lovers in Plena Timoris, as the girl in the poem seemingly becomes the drowned woman when she hears of the tragedy. The negative undertone of the poem shows through in the title itself which is Latin for â€Å"a woman full of fear and dread†, describing at first the woman who â€Å"drowned herself for the love of a man† and then describing the girl in the poem as â€Å"her arm dropt from his†. This contrasts the image of â€Å"his arm around her† at the beginning of the poem, and this represents the loss of emotional closeness between the lovers. â€Å"They said; climbed over; slid down; let go† has many unnatural pauses, and is deliberately confusing to the reader, mirroring the lovers’ confusion. The sudden end to their closeness is shown in â€Å"until he grew tired. But she†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as it is the only line with a full stop in the middle, which represents the end of their relationship. The cynicism the poem has towards love is also shown through the men who retrieve the woman’s body who say â€Å"so much for love in this mortal sphere!† The use of the phrase â€Å"mortal sphere† suggests that the poet thinks the only true love you can have faith in is religious love and piety, and that relationships are essentially â€Å"mortal† and doomed. Having seen love as perfection at the beginning, the negativities that start in stanza two bring a dreadful low to the reader. I, myself, felt disappointment and â€Å"hopeless despair† and was persuaded that love is, in essence, condemned – that true love like what was shown at the beginning of the poem, can never be found and will never last. Piano, although it doesn’t refer to death, is also a poem that is tinted with melancholy. The tone of the poem is nostalgic and wistful and emphasis on this longing is furthered by phrases such as â€Å"I weep like a child for the past†, showing that it is impossible to go back. The poem is written in present tense, and this further distances the poet from the past that he cannot revisit. The poet writes that the â€Å"song / betrays me (the poet) back† and the alliteration on the harsh â€Å"b† sound adds to the effect of the word â€Å"betrays†, which has negative connotations such as distrust. The choice of the word â€Å"betrays† suggests that it was not by his own will that he is revisiting his memories and the immense love he has for his mother, and this leads me to think that it was not socially acceptable to break down and be as emotional as in Piano, and research into the Victorian era when the poem was written shows this to be true. With the pressures that are on men still, to be emotionally strong, the pressures back then must have been even greater in comparison, and for Lawrence to write Piano as his â€Å"manhood is cast† and reveal his overwhelming emotions even so shows the effect his mother must have had on him. The three poems all deal with the universal themes of love and suffering – Plena Timoris on the loss of love between the two young lovers, and Piano on the remembrance of a love in the past. However, as a reader, Refugee Mother and Child is the one that has the most impact on me because of the familiar hyper-realistic photojournalistic images, that the media frequently show, that appear throughout the poem. This draws out sympathy, guilt and grievance from the reader as many of us in the wealthy portion of the world do not do a significant amount to help, and because we are privileged which makes it hard for us to imagine the circumstance, the resilient love of the mother for her dying son is even more moving, dealing with the themes of love and suffering most powerfully out of the three poems. Of course, Plena Timoris and Piano are also effective in portraying love, but in different guises from that in Refugee Mother and Child. However, the poems have a point in common in that all three poems also movingly illustrate the pain and suffering that is felt through the painful loss of love, which we all hope will never happen but as shown by the poems, inevitably does. This in itself unites the poems, showing the love depicted in each as the same, underneath the surface, and universal.

A Talk To Teachers; Rhetorical Analysis Essay

On the 21st of December, James Baldwin issued a â€Å"Talk to teachers† essay. It was a genuine and brave attempt to change the views of the society concerning the racial discrimination. It was a courageous and very criticizing message to the community emphasizing the weaknesses of the society and uncovering its gaps. Making a Talk to Teachers summary, primarily the author appeals to a teacher, endeavoring to evoke the realizing of the fact that the history that they teach is wrong. The visions of African American as a cluster of society are old and need to reconsider information, which they deliver to their pupils, being on lectures. He tries to evoke the understanding of their wrong perception of the history. Moreover, he tries to deliver the idea that it is improper to raise the seeds of evil in the souls of schoolchildren. The author claims that the school is a significant institution greatly influencing the formation of personalities from their childhood to the youth period. In case, when a person is raised in the atmosphere of abuse, the Afro American child from the early years feels the inferiority, knowing one’s position in the society and the status of his family as well. Baldwin claims that the primary aim of education is to enable a person to interact with the external world and the society as well as identification one’s position in that society. He considers that schooling lacked progress and was stuck on the same level as it was many years ago. Nowadays, the education distorts the people’s understanding of themselves from that one available in the society. It makes them try to change it; however, people do not accept those individuals, who have a strong desire to implements changes. The reality is harsh, and authors manage to illustrate this point. Baldwin manages to depict the cruel picture of reality. He illustrates the attitude of the society towards individuals, which are always victims of the prejudice imposed by the schoolteachers from their early years. He enhances his claims with plenty of real-life examples. He tells a story about an Afro American, who from the early years realize why his parents work so hard and why they are always stressed. He knows the reason why he is not allowed to sit in front of the bus. The next wave of bullying he faces at school. He provides the rude and harsh facts to the reader to make him removing rose-tinted glasses. At this point, the tone of the essay reaches the peak of reflectiveness and sadness. Children, who constantly faced such attitude at school and later at other places, where they had contact with the society, become unable to live in harmony with themselves. The surrounding made them feel vulnerable and unsaved. Moreover, other people influenced the distorting of their personal understanding of who are they and what their position in this life is. Moving to the next sense section of the essay, the author enhances the text with the facts of his personal life and tells about himself being a boy. He makes an emphasis on the several trades of character, making a man being a criminal aiming to survive in a harsh society. He enhances the text with plenty of adjectives, as severe, ruthless, and cunning. Baldwin managed to render the contrast between the lives of blacks and whites. Moreover, the writer emphasizes that â€Å"Because if I am no what I’ve told I am, then it means that you’re not what you thought you were either!† It is the turning point of the whole message. Baldwin manages to illustrate his position clearly. He proves that all people are equal. If you dare to think that someone understanding of his personality differs from the real position in the society, you face the same risk. At any point, it may turn out that you are not the person, whom you consider yourself to be. The crisis is the section, where the author recognizes the gaps and drawbacks of the educational system and prepares the audience to perceive his personal views concerning this question. Then goes the truth. The writer told that if you are lying about one aspect of the history, it means that you probably distort the truth about the whole past. In this very passage, the author appeals to a target audience using the pronoun â€Å"you† to make the message more personalized. His main appeal to the people working in educational sphere is to reshape the history written many years ago. The times have changed and the prejudice towards â€Å"Negros† that was present in that period is not relevant today. It was a wrong strategy to impose upon children the oddly established beliefs, which may influence self-perception of other people. Ending an essay, the writer claims that it is the personal responsibility of everyone to influence the course of education and implements changes. The composition ends with the upbeat and inspiring tone, applies plenty of repetitions. What is more, he describes his model of behavior in case he was a teacher. The most influential part of the composition is the ending. The author appeals to the humanity applying both logos and pathos. Baldwin described the right way of educating the society. The position of the writer is clear. He dared to uncover the blunt truth about the education and tackled upon the myths of history that are still being used. James Baldwin essays imply many inspiring words, which author uses to render his thoughts clearly. The writer issued a powerful and inspiring piece and using a few words managed to dwell upon the significant problem needing an urgent solution. He illustrated the root of the problem as well the consequences, which arose. His tone is strict, but outright. James Baldwin uncovers the truth that is overlooked and ignored by people. He issued a manifest endeavoring to imply changes. He was brave enough to announce the fact, which was silenced for many centuries. By this radical message, he tries tom appeal to the humanity. The writer wants to persuade people that such attitude is the old relic. James Baldwin turns to every person with a message that it is the personal responsibility of everyone considering oneself an educated person to change the society. Everything starts with the mentality of people and their level of perception of the external world, its rules and beliefs. Is we are not sheep following the shepherd, we have to think globally and turn off the stereotypes created by people with a limited worldview. By uncovering the ugly truth, he tries to change the minds of readers and influence the situation that needs urgent change.