Application of Communication Theories | Reflection

Application of Communication Theories | Reflection Applying Communication Theories to the Career of a Graduate Student Alayna Naro Organizational Culture Theory Members of an organization create their own culture within that organization. The culture can come from ways members communicate with each other, rituals of the organization, and shared symbols within the organization. Each organization has a culture that is distinctly theirs and differs from the cultures of other organizations. Furthermore, organizational culture is not created overnight. An organization’s culture is something that forms over a period of time and is specific to the way of â€Å"living† within an organization. Since the fall of 2010, I have been a student of Mississippi State University. I began my academic career as an undergraduate student. The organizational culture I was a part of at that point in my life is a lot different than the organizational culture I am a part of now. As an undergraduate, I was familiar with a majority of my professors, but I did not necessarily extensively communicate with them. Now, as a graduate student, the organizational culture that I am most familiar is within the School of Human Sciences, where I am a graduate assistant as well as a full time student. The make-up of the organization is important when discussing its organizational culture. In the School of Human Sciences, the organizational make-up consists of a director, faculty members, staff members, and graduate assistants. All of these members, though they have different roles, are who establish the values and morals for the organization. By being active participants within the organization, the members help to create meaningful symbols within the organization. Symbols include verbal and nonverbal communication that is unique to a specific organization. The first type of symbol that can be seen within an organizational culture are physical symbols. Physical symbols consists of designs, logos, dà ©cor, and material objects. Within the School of Human Sciences, we have certain symbols that express the culture house in our organization. The School of Human Sciences has a specific logo that we place on key chains, shirts, pens, and other items to market our department. Even our building, Lloyd Ricks-Watson, is a physical symbol that houses us all under one roof. The second type of symbol that can be seen within an organizational culture are behavioral symbols. Behavioral symbols are things such as ceremonies, rituals, or traditions that are specific to that organization. In the School of Human Sciences we have plenty of behavioral symbols that we continuously participate in. Every fall semester, there is a welcome back tailgate for students, faculty, and staff. In the spring, there is a chili supper welcoming students back for a new semester. And one Friday, every month, we have a faculty meeting where we discuss upcoming news within the School of Human Sciences. These reoccurring behaviors help to establish and identify the culture within the organization. Finally, the third type of symbol is verbal symbols. Verbal symbols include jokes, jargon, or stories that revolve around the organization. Within any type of organization, jokes and stories are going to be expressed through verbal communication. Furthermore, faculty calling each other by their first names when students are not around can be seen as a verbal symbol. As a graduate student, I catch my instructors calling other faculty members by their first names and then correcting themselves when they realize they are speaking to a student. By listening to stories, joke, or understanding the jargon, one can better understand the culture of the organization. Everyone within an organization is connected. A variety of members make up an organization, and each member contributes something unique to the culture of the organization. We find connections to the organization through shared ideas, rituals, and symbols. Through physical, behavioral, and verbal symbols, one can feel connection with the organization they are a part of. One way this particular theory does not coincide with my career, is that not everyone participates or actively uses all of the things that make up an organizational culture. In any organization or work environment, there are going to be those employees who choose not to participate. Even when they are required to immerse themselves within the organizational culture, resistance can still be seen. However, overall the theory was very applicable to my situation, and will be applicable to any organizational situation I encounter in the future. Structuration Theory Groups and organizations engage in certain behaviors in order to achieve their goals. Within an organization, structure is a necessity. Structure can include the rules and resources used to sustain the organization. Through structuration, organizations transform socially because of the rules and resources that dictate relationships. Rules and resources guide behaviors and decisions within an organization. Rules consists of guidelines for how a goal can be accomplished. Resources refer to the power that all individuals within the organization bring to the group. Therefore, structuration allows for members of an organization to better understand the social structure of their organization. Power structures are evident in any organizational setting and aid in guiding the decision making process. Power enables members of an organization to achieve goals. Every member within an organization has some form of power; superiors, subordinates, etc. Power allows for members of an organization to get what they want within the system. For an individual, power is an authoritative resource that helps the organization to function properly. In regards to this theory, there are five different types of power that an individual can exemplify; reward, coercive, referent, legitimate, and expert. Reward power refers the perception that another person within the organization has the ability to provide positive reinforcement. With reward power, the rewards can consist of praise or material rewards. As a student, I deal with reward power on a pretty frequent basis. My instructors are able to reward me for exceptional work by providing words of praise or encouragement. Additionally, as a student, there are ample opportunities for honors, awards and distinguishments. So at the same time, the university itself holds reward power too. Not to mention the greatest material reward a student can receive, a college degree. Because I know that my professors hold a majority of the reward power, I try my hardest to produce exceptional work. By producing that exceptional and receiving verbal rewards from professors, it provides a sense of incentive to seek out higher rewards, such as the material rewards previously mentioned. Coercive power refers to the perception that someone within the organization has the ability to provide punishment. Coercive power makes others feel as though they must comply with the requests of their superiors in order to avoid negative consequences. As a student, the same people who provide me with reward power can also provide me with coercive power, my professors. However, I do not do my work solely to avoid ridicule or punishment, I complete my work in order to maintain my credibility. If I were to not give all of my effort on assignments, did not respect my professors, and did not produce quality work, my credibility with my professors would decrease. Referent power refers to establishing a relationship between a superior in an organization and a member who has less power than them. A person who holds referent power is typically a friendly, well liked, well respected individual who may even serve as a role model for others within the organization. Again, I believe my professors have often exposed me to referent power. Sometimes it is very easy for me to form a meaningful relationship not only with my advisor, but also instructors within the department that I respect. I respect them so much mostly due to their personality and the way they choose to interact with me as a student. Though I know my professors are above me academically and within the work environment, they still treat me as an individual and pursue general interest in my goals and aspirations. Legitimate power refers to exerting power due to a particular position or title. In the academic community, there are many individuals who exert influence on others based on their titles. For example, I comply with the wishes of my major professor. Her position as my advisor allows her to influence and help structure the direction of my goals by providing her input and expertise when needed. Furthermore, my major professor has someone who exerts legitimate power on her as well. The director of our department within the School of Human Sciences holds legitimate power over all instructors within the department. By holding the power as being the director of the department, he has the right and the ability to exert influence over the department as a whole. Expert power refers to a person having a specific set of knowledge or expertise. Those with expert power are very valuable for any type of group or organization. Expert power allows those individuals to assist in decisions making processes and as a source knowledge when consulted. Yet again, my professors hold a sincere amount of expert power. All of my professors have completed a bachelor’s degree, a master’s degree, and most have completed their PhD. Therefore, my professors are experts in their fields. It is such a benefit for an organization, more specifically outside of academia, to have employees that exhibit expert power. As a graduate assistant, I even experience possessing all five of these powers at some point. As an instructor in classes, I use reward and coercive power by being the person who is in charge of my students’ grades. Hopefully, through the reward and coercive power used, my students respect me and my assignments, knowing that I hold the power within the classroom. Additionally, I hope I possess some form of referent power with my students and my colleagues. I hope to establish a working relationship with those that I work with and encounter an on everyday basis. I possess legitimate power because of my title as a graduate assistant. That title provides me with the opportunities to serve as an instructor for certain classes, conduct research for myself and for others, and deciphers me from undergraduate students. Finally, I exert expert power because of my degree titles. I have already completed a bachelor’s degree in which gives me an extensive amount of knowledge in the field of agriculture. Currently, I am pursuing a master’s degree which will further enhance my expertise within the field. Social Penetration Theory Social penetration refers to a process of relationship bonding where individuals move from superficial communication to more intimate communication. Social penetration relates to more than just physical intimacy, it also incorporates intellectual and emotional intimacy. Social penetration suggests that relationships progress in a systematic way, are predictable, and dependent on our verbal, nonverbal, and environmentally oriented behaviors. All relationships form and follow a particular trajectory in which there are four stages. The four stages of the social penetration process include orientation, exploratory affective exchange, affective exchange, and stable exchange. The orientation stage begins by revealing small, ordinary facts about ourselves to others. This past January I moved from an office across campus where I was by myself, into an office which I would share with two other students. For my situation as a graduate assistant sharing an office with two other graduate assistants, the orientation stage was very important. At this stage, we divulged enough information for others to begin to find common ground with us, but not enough to be able to judge us. Though the information we tend to express in this stage is simple, and sometimes superficial, it is a necessity for any type of relationship to form. The exploratory affective exchange stage occurs when we begin to share aspects of our individual personality with others. Self-disclosure becomes a crucial part of this stage because it helps to transform superficial relationships into more intimate ones by revealing information about yourself. After a few weeks in the new office situation, I began to realize that I was learning more and more about my office mates. Without even realizing it, we would end up in short conversations about things unrelated to classes or work, which helped to better grasp each other’s personalities. The affective exchange stage is where the closeness of the friendship begins to blossom. At this stage, nonverbal communication can sometimes substitute for verbal communication. For instance, I can come into the office not say anything, but smile, and my office mates can substitute that as a â€Å"good morning†. Also, during this stage we begin to form our own jargon and inside jokes. For example, after about three months of sharing an office, we had inside jokes, we shared funny videos and pictures, and we also listened to music together. We share information about our families, significant others, and ask for advice on any problems we may be having. Through this stage we were not only able to form a more intimate friendship with one another, we were also able to create an office environment that was comfortable for everyone. The final stage is the stable exchange stage. At this stage, the relationship is more spontaneous than before. Communication and behavior are a lot more predictable, and those involved know a lot more about each other and how they react. After reaching this stage, I can say my office mates are more than just people I share a room with Monday through Friday, they are my friends. We know when to talk, when to not talk. We can tell when someone might need a pick me up. And we are not afraid to be ourselves. By working through the stages of the social penetration process, we were able to divulge information about ourselves at a progressive speed and form relationships with one another. The only way to understand other people is to engage in personal conversations with them and by sharing personal bits of information about yourself. Each personality will influence the direction a relationship will take. Though initial conversations may seem unimportant, they allow individuals to understand each other and provide early relational development. Through the social penetration process individuals achieve a way to balance their needs while also forming a relationship with another person. Overall, this theory was very applicable to my current situation. I have seen first-hand how relationships develop, and I agree that they are a linear process. I also agree that there a certain steps, or stages, one must go through when developing a relationship with another person. There is give and take with all individuals associated with a relationship, and relationships take time to develop. I will forever keep this theory in the back of my mind as I embark on my professional career where creating, developing, and maintaining relationships is so important. Groupthink Groups are sets of individuals whose goal is to work toward completing a task or solving a problem. Groups need a solid foundation and need to be able to remain unaffected by all other influences. In order for the members of a group to work together effectively, the group needs a certain level of cohesiveness, or culture, within the group. Group cohesion encourages greater satisfaction within the group, the group members are more enthusiastic, and the group experience is overall positive. As a student, I am required to work in groups on a pretty regular basis. For example, I am an ambassador for the Graduate Student Association on campus. As an ambassador I am required to attend planning meetings, assist when we host events, and serve as a liaison between the GSA and certain departments on campus. As a task oriented group, every group member has a specific job assigned to them, and when everyone does their job, our overall goal is more easily accomplished. Groupthink is a way of group negotiation that reduces conflict and emphasizes the need for unison. When working within a group, sometimes it is easy to have tunnel vision on the end result. We can succumb to pressures of needing to keep the group harmonious and not really address the problem that we need to solve. The need to form a homogeneous group often distracts away from the true purpose of the group. Furthermore, rather than face rejection, some members will even withhold their input if it differs from others’ within the group. The initial group meeting for any group is where groupthink is going to be most visible. Certain people choose not to speak up if their opinion slightly differs, some people do not want to offer up new ideas, and everyone looks to the group leader for direction. As meetings become more frequent and the group members get to know each other, I believe those barriers break down and people feel more open to express their opinions. On the other hand, there will always be group members who are never afraid to voice their opinions. It is easy for those people to have influence over the less vocal members in the group, so it is important to keep a happy balance. The only problem with this theory, as it relates to the group I am a part of, is that the theory seems to focus more on decision making groups. Though the GSA committee makes decisions that affect the graduate student body as a whole, it is not our primary role. This particular group, as originally stated, is more task oriented. Regardless, overcoming groupthink is a reoccurring challenge when working within a group. One of the ways we have actively addressed groupthink within the GSA committee is by allowing members to voice their doubts. We have created a very neutral environment where everyone feels comfortable expressing their thoughts, even if they differ from the majority of the group. When we cannot make a unanimous decision on an issue or task, we completely discuss both sides. Without interruption, without judgement, and without ridicule, we as group work together to find the solution that will be best for the group as a whole. References West, R., Turner, L. (2010). Groupthink. In Introducing communication theory: Analysis and application (5th Ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. West, R., Turner, L. (2010). Organizational Culture. In Introducing communication theory: Analysis and application (5th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. West, R., Turner, L. (2010). Social Penetration Theory. In Introducing communication theory: Analysis and application (5th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. West, R., Turner, L. (2010). Structuration Theory. In Introducing communication theory: Analysis and application (5th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.

Mary”s rice trading

Nicole Lopez, daughter of Mr.. Roding Lopez. Graduate of Business Administration from university of the Philippines Ill. Central Problem ‘V. Secondary Problems Inability of submitting the price quotation with rice sample in time. Lack of employees MR. was focused on looking other possible accounts, that's why they lose more attention to their previous accounts. V. Objectives To maintain the good customer relationship To gain more big accounts To achieve customer loyalty back VI. Areas of Consideration On time and accurate deliveryMaintained a handful of reliable suppliers Assures a net weight of keg per sack High quality rice and services Inability to submit price quotation with rice samples on time No formal organizational structure Boom of new restaurants in the Artists center Substitute for the Japanese rice New business prospects THREATS Competitors Lower demand for rice for the rice subsidy Employees prefers to convert rice into cash VI'. Alternative Courses of Action Inab ility to submit the price quotation with rice sample in time.Solution: Submitting the price quotation with rice sample on time to the prospect and MR. must follow up after 2 days if they receive the price quotation with sample. Lack of Solution: They need to hire another employee because based on our study they forgot to submit right samples on time due to lots of concerns, such as different locations of their accounts and they Just have 2 delivery trucks. MR. was focused on looking other possible accounts, that's why they lose more attention to their previous accounts, Solution:They must give more attention to their previous accounts, to gain loyalty/ assurance for their company. But it doesn't mean that they will stop for seeking more accounts VIII. Recommendation In maintaining the good customer relationships the Marry Rice Trading must gain the customer's loyalty by sending tokens, giveaways, foods and etc. MR. must also hear their complains and reasons of their old and new cust omers because it is important to satisfy the customer with the right products and services, supported by the right promotion and making it available at the right time and location.

Whatever They Told You About Nys Grade 7 Essay Samples Is Dead Wrong...And Heres Why

Whatever They Told You About Nys Grade 7 Essay Samples Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why It doesn't need to be a complete paragraph, but you will need to at the very least introduce your ideas at the start of your essay and wrap up your conclusions at the conclusion of it. The other essays will help give you an awareness of what score your essay may have gotten that year and any areas you might have overlooked. The solution to this question is dependent on your study plans! You ought to decide on the very best answer for every one of the provided questions. To wrap up this post, I'll go over a number of the important points you ought to take from the four GRE sample essays I analyzed in this informative article. However, the utility of the five paragraph form is that it is a tried-and-true means to continue to keep your essay organized. Nowadays you know what it requires to receive an ideal essay score. Box 4 describes the ideal essay, so we'll take a look at the model essay to find out exactly what this description means. Introducing Nys Grade 7 Essay Samples The survey might have been 10 pages long, with 2 questions specializing in river sports. UN Salary scale is a somewhat tough thing. Get in touch with the local representative for more details. Starting pay is dependent upon the degree of experience, education and intricacy of the position applied for. When the exam slot was chosen, the applicant is going to receive a previous email with a PDF file because of his exam permit. The payment is going to be registered through the computer system. The greater the grade level, the greater the pay. I would need to agree that the very best approach to prepare young people for leadership roles is to instill in them an awareness of cooperation. The reader doesn't get a feeling of fear or anxiety, except when Anne thinks about being unable to stay. This will prepare you for all sorts of questions. Additionally, this reasearch may reveal improved means of diagnosing and treating reading issues. It doesn't take a good deal of thinking to understand that the price of commuting shouldn't interfere with your capacity to have a wonderful career. There you've got it, folks. Needless to say, you'll need a good grasp of the language in the nation you wish to teach also! Nys Grade 7 Essay Samples - Overview We'll be assist you whenever possible. These sample papers are prepared according to the most recent syllabus as provided by ICSE. Here we've compiled the sample papers for all of the subjects of class 7. This means there are just two official College Board set of sample essays which use the present rubric. And remember to aren't using sample essays to avoid actually writing practice DBQs--you are going to want to do at the very least a couple even when you just have a month to practice. Try to remember, there aren't any annoying popup adverts and we don't need your email address. If documents are lacking, the email will incorporate the documents which require correction. You should work on recognizing what constitutes historical context based on the AP. Students must fix these papers as there's a high probability that a number of them might be asked in the actual exam. They are asked to indicate how a particular sentence might be corrected or improved or how the organization or development of a paragraph might be strengthened. It is insufficient that learners encounter real-life scenarios. Pupils are generally at the time of 13 in seventh grade. Also, I would like to speak about our teachers. Whispered Nys Grade 7 Essay Samples Secrets Instead, in addition, he connects the 2 paragraphs by keeping the focus on the exact issue from the conclusion of a single paragraph to the start of the next. In 1 experiment, by way of example, scientists presented a group of dyslexics and individuals who read easily with an increasingly tough set of reading tasks. Don't think you need to start at the very top of the list and work your way through all of them. The mixture of these 2 methods of connecting the 2 paragraphs leads to a smooth logical flow from 1 idea to the next. Grading samples carefullywill help you to get a sense ofyour own blind spots so that you know what skills to concentrate on in your prep. Finally the studio must ask whether the proportion of positive reviews is a truly relevant approach to measure the possible effect of movie reviews. We should find more different kinds of energy. Next we have to find more different forms of energy to use as another step to block the effects of global warming.

Decision Making Process - 1454 Words

You are a senior manager of â€Å"X† Ltd. You have to take a major decision. Discuss what decision you are making and all the factors you are going to consider. How you are going to make the decision? | | Unilever today is a trusted name in both Bangladesh and other parts of the world. Listening to the people, who buy our products, helped us to grow into one of the world s most successful consumer goods companies. In fact, 150 million times a day, someone somewhere chooses a Unilever product. In the last four decades, Unilever in Bangladesh are dedicatedly bringing new and quality products for the hardworking Bangladeshi people to refresh them after long day at work. About 90% of household in Bangladesh use one or more of our products.†¦show more content†¦|Criteria |Points | |Weight of the notebook PC |10 | |Price of the notebook PC |9 | |Quality of the casing |8 | |After sale service |6 | |RAM |5 | |Storage Capacity |3 | Figure: The above table shows the factors we took into consideration and the weight of each of the criteria. After selection of our criterion and giving their accordingly we looked into the computer stores. A field level research has been done in the computer market, collecting the price and all the necessary information needed among various computer companies. We came up with six different companies which we have found providing quality computers and good after sales service. 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Both virtue ethics and caring ethics support good ethical decision making for nurses (Park, 2012, p. 149) but these are inadequate to assist in solving an ethical dilemma (Park, 2012, p. 149). For that reason an ethical decision making tool is helpful for the nurses or clinicians to comeRead MoreThe Military Decision Making Process Essay2496 Words   |  10 Pagesin the Army when it comes to military decision making, problem solving, and planning. The intent is to better understand and explore different ways to apply this concepts. As Non-commissioned Officers we serve as advisors to our Commanders and leaders. It is imperative that we are involved and able to assist in the planning process of our unit’s operations. We need to have a complete understanding of the seven steps in the Military Decision Making Process (MDMP) and the eight steps in the Troop

Art Is My Career Choice - 872 Words

Shania Reid Ms. Milliner EES21QH - 03 9/29/16 Expression art is my career choice because my life was always surrounded by art. Signed up for art classes in my middle school. Then took the next step by applying for a visual arts highs school becoming an art major. Not only that, my mother has been behind me, and also my art teachers. Many times I ve been ready to give up and quit. But I always find myself doing art again. Art is something I can not escape. Moving on my personal interest with expression art is not being told what to do. Or how I have to go about something. It is free to feeling and my own opinions. Creating an original work of art excites me; to know I created it and no one saying â€Å"oh you did that wrong†. I m able to express how I m feeling either, pain, hate, love and even happiness. I can express these to my own liking and to the best of my abilities. Furthermore my career interest inventory came from a summer program I have done for three summers now. To give a breakdown of this program, groundswell is a non-profit organization that gathers youth around the city and place them at a work site with blank wall. Depending on the placement of the mural is painted to either inform or teach a community important values. I really love this program, I get to meet amazing artist and create a strong piece of art. This experience really made me want to drive for this career. Moreover this job may seem quite simple but it has importance to it. ForShow MoreRelatedInformative Speech About Art Therapy809 Words   |  4 PagesSTRATEGY: I tell the audience of my experience trying to choose a career and start with pointing out the obvious struggle of finding the right career for them and everyone else. I will also include a personal piece about my experience of struggling to find the right career for me through school so far. 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Blink Free Essays

string(95) " are already related in our minds than we do between pairs of ideas that are unfamiliar to us\." Thin Slicing is a term used by psychologist and philosophers, but what does it mean? According to Malcolm Gladwell, â€Å"It’s the tendency that we have as human beings to reach very rapid, very profound and sophisticated conclusions based on very thin slices of experiences. † Blink is a book by Malcolm Gladwell explaining this theory of thin-slicing. In the book Gladwell tells us many different stories that have to do with thin-slicing. We will write a custom essay sample on Blink or any similar topic only for you Order Now The book has examples of successful thin-slicing, examples showing how it works and what it accomplishes. It also has stories teaching us, the reader of thin-slicing and how it isn’t all that great and completely accurate as well. Some stories that can teach us lessons, which we can learn from not to make the same mistakes over and over. This book is about the unconscious mind and how we don’t know it but it affects us at every moment whether we notice or not. How the unconscious mind picks up patterns from small amount of information or experiences and we make snap judgments based on those patterns. Which most of the time we don’t notice, unless of course you have trained your mind to recognize these patterns, which there’s an example of in the book. All this thin-slicing has its pros and cons I believe Gladwell’s theory is correct; all his examples are backed up by his theory of thin-slicing. He gives evidence to how it works both positively and negatively. The theory of thin-slicing is that we have the ability as human beings to instantly identify specific patterns from within small amounts of experience or information, and we make instant or snap judgments based upon those patterns. What does this mean; it means that our unconscious holds on to information from previous events. From that information our unconscious recognizes certain patterns from the past and catches similarities in current experiences or events and reacts. This reaction although it may sound a bit complicated happens in mere seconds. We don’t recognize what is going on, it happens without us being able to explain it. The book defines it as, â€Å"the ability of our unconscious to find patterns in situations and behavior based on very narrow slices of experience. Its rapid cognition, the unconscious reacts from recognition to previous patterns in mere seconds; this is what makes it so amazing. At the same time snap judgments from thin-slicing can be very problematic, as we learn from the book in its examples. The first story in the book being a positive one teaches us how thin-slicing works instantly, without being able to explain it. The book starts off at the Getty Museum on its early days, when it was starting off. It wanted to gain some kind of recognition so it made its first big art purchase. It was a 10 million dollar purchase, so the museum took caution. They hired lawyers to check all the paperwork and records of the statue. This statue of a kouros was said to be thousands of years old. There was even a geologist who took samples of the statue and ran it through many different tests and machines. They all concluded that the statue was the real deal and made the purchase in the fall of 1986. This kouros was going to be a great occasion, with stories on the New York Times, and other magazines. A few weeks after the kouros was put on display was when the truth came out. One by one different art experts doubted the statue. They couldn’t explain why at the time, but their immediate reaction to the kouros was just a hunch that something wasn’t right. Why though? What did these experts see what all the other people missed when looking at the statue? They were all intuitively repulsed by this kouros at first sight of it. Eventually all the paperwork and records didn’t fit, they all came to the conclusion that the kouros was a fake. The art experts were taking part of thin-slicing. They knew something wasn’t right the first time they saw it, their hunch was that something wasn’t right, but they couldn’t explain what it was. This example of the Getty museum showed successful thin slicing. The â€Å"love lab† is John Gottman’s successful way of determining if a couple is going to be together 15 years from now. He does this by videotaping each person he just has them sit in a room; he measures their heart rate, movements, and has them have a conversation. He then analyzes these videos second by second, looking at every emotion. His method of determining such an important conclusion is based on SPAFF; it’s a coding system that has many categories corresponding to all emotions. His success rate is incredibly accurate, by analyzing a couple for an hour his prediction has 95% accuracy if the couple will be married 15 years later. If he watches them for 15 minutes his percentage is about 90%, and with only three minutes of analyzing the accuracy of his predictions are still very impressive. The â€Å"love lab,† is an example of how thin-slicing works correctly. Our unconscious is Gottman analyzing those videos, second by second looking at every emotion in the couples. The only difference is that our thin-slicing is done unconsciously, automatically, and in mere seconds. Our unconscious finds patterns in very minute amounts of events or information. Just like with the â€Å"love lab† our thin-slicing has a high rate of accuracy. This process makes it possible to gather information to make an important decision in such a short amount of time, it’s almost instantaneously. Thin-slicing can also be wrong, which we’ll see in the following examples. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is an example of the dark side of thin-slicing. This test was made by psychologists. This test brought forth a profound observation, which was that we make connections much more quickly between pairs of ideas that are already related in our minds than we do between pairs of ideas that are unfamiliar to us. You read "Blink" in category "Papers" The book gives us an example of the IAT tests, the gender and race ones. These tests use mental associations which we are used to and then flips it around, an example is the gender test, first it shows names of both sexes and you have to choose whether the name is a female or male. That part is easy enough and done pretty fast, it then gives you two more choices career or male and female or home then words which are associated to either list. Then the last part where it gets tricky is when it switches home and career, so the choices are male or home and female and career. This part of the test takes people a little longer to choose. This test also has a race version in which the choices are European American or bad and African American and good, then switches the good and bad. The results of the race IAT are that more than 80% have pro-white associations. Why is this so, and what does it mean? The book explains that our attitudes towards race and gender operate on two levels. First our conscious attitude which is what we choose to believe. What the IAT measures though is something else, it’s our second level of attitude on an unconscious level. On this level are our immediate, automatic association that just come out, we don’t even notice these. These unconscious attitudes weren’t chosen by us, we may not even be aware of these. This is data our unconscious crunches from past experiences or information we’ve seen on TV, book, movies, etc. From all this data we unconsciously form opinions of race and gender, which is what the IAT measures. This teaches us that thin-slicing can also have negative conclusions, and may not always be right. The IAT also discovered that the results mean we tend to act differently with certain races, its little things we don’t notice we do because they are done in an unconscious level. This is bad because it makes us discriminate, on an unconscious level, without us even knowing so. Another example of thin-slicing reactions we don’t notice. The Millennium Challenge was a war game exercise by the U. S. n 2002 which cost 250 million dollars. This war was made up of blue team which was the U. S. and red team which was the enemy run by Paul Van Riper a retired Marine Corps Lieutenant General. This war game was used by the pentagon to test new ideas about military organization and experiments. Blue team had greater intellectual resources they had an advantage over red team. In the e nd the winner was the red team. How did this happen, Van Riper didn’t have any advantage over blue team and their resources. He did however have his past experiences to help him. Blue team had all these resources, they had too many resources. All these resources which were supposed to be an advantage ended up being their demise, they were over thinking every move they made. On the other hand Van Riper acted instantly and won. The mistake blue team made was that they forced their commanders to stop and talk things over figure out what was going on. The war games didn’t demand for logic, it demanded for action. This is an example of the unconscious finding patterns in chaos and just reacting, thin-slicing in action. Thin-slicing might sound good for the most part, but there is also much wrong with thin-slicing. Not everything can be thin-sliced, and work out, an example of this in the book is a rock musician known as Kenna. He had a new sound and it was unlike anything ever heard before. People in the music business loved him, and recommended him he got a record deal and so on. The only thing left for Kenna was to have his music on the radio, sounds easy enough if musicians, producers, and people in the business liked his stuff. Kenna’s single was put through a test to see how people were going to react and if he would be successful. His song was tested with people, and ended up being a failure, no one liked him. This is thin-slicing gone wrong, where our first impression isn’t the right one. Kenna’s song was tested with people who only heard a clip of the song, not the whole song. Just a clip of something they had never heard before something completely new, it was something unrecognizable, and no one liked it. All the music pro’s on the other hand loved it; they were experts in music and knew that Kenna was something different. Just that thin-slicing never let Kenna be the star he could have been. Another lesson we can learn from thin-slicing comes from the shooting f Amadou Diallo. This man was shot down 41 times by 4 police officers. This took place in the Bronx after midnight, the event in the book is said to have only taken 7 seconds to happen. This is when snap judgments went wrong; these four officers reacted and killed an innocent man. These four officers were driving around patrolling as part of the Street Crime Unit. The thing is that they were driving around i n an unmarked car in plainclothes. They saw Diallo standing outside his building and thought he looked suspicious so two got off and went to go talk to him. They went up to Diallo and he tried to go inside his building. They kept telling him to freeze and pointed their guns at him; he then reached into his pocket and pulled out something that one of the officers saw as a gun, which ended up being a wallet. So much went wrong here, these cops didn’t bother to see Diallo or as the book says read his emotions. This is something we, under normal circumstances, have the ability to read other people’s emotions through facial expressions. However we lose this ability under too much stress, pressure, or fear. Gladwell’s theory about thin-slicing indicates that it is not enough to make certain conscious changes in attitudes or values, but must also acknowledge the subtle influence that can alter our subconscious, thereby undermining our conscious attitudes. He argues that by taking control of the environment in which thin-slicing happens, one can also control thin-slicing and prevent/lessen the mistakes made. He makes a good point of this throughout his book; he gives us many examples of how thin-slicing can work positively and negatively. He shows how it’s not always right, but how we can work on it to correct it. The aeron chair is an example of this, thin-slicing made people look at the chair and hate it. It was something new; they had never seen anything like it so they rejected it. Once they got to try the chair though they experienced it and found out that they actually really liked the chair. The same with Kenna’s music, thin-slicing made people dislike his music. Thin-slicing, snap judgments, all of this has its good and bad. Gladwell’s book shows how the theory of thin-slicing works, good and bad examples of it, and shows us how things can go wrong in the blink of an eye. How our unconscious affects us at all times whether we realize it or not. How we can notice when our snap judgments are wrong, and makes us realize we need to pay more attention to how we act. Our unconscious works in amazing ways and the process of thin-slicing only makes it a much more amazing thing. It can however be a bad thing as well. This book shows us how this is so, and how we unconsciously act a certain way, are attracted to certain things, and so on. Blinking like thin-slicing is done unconsciously but blinking unlike thin-slicing is noticed by us, but after this book I will try to notice my thin-slicing and try to notice when I unconsciously act. How to cite Blink, Papers

Critical Realism and News Production

Question: Discuss about the Critical Realism and News Production. Answer: Introduction: Worldwide news is defined as a collection of events, which is reported in a systematic manner and needs a medium through which it is available to the masses. It can reach the public by different means. Media and journalism are main transmission forms, which has a big role in shaping the information transfer. Interest, proximity, prominence, timeliness and consequence are some of the basic features of news (Gans, 1999, p. 236). The primary goal of News is to inform and educate public providing information of the immediate surrounding or global events. The war that is taking place in Somalia and the attacks on African American in the United States are some of the examples of the news. When an event is about to happen or will never take according to human expectations then the reporting of these news are found to be entertaining amongst the masses. These news have very less chance of happening and mainly the optimistic masses are welcoming about that news (Fishman, 1999, p. 110). These news instigate the emotions in humans and are the talk of the town for sometime as they are mainly surprised by the fact. The accidental death of Bhumibol Adulyadej, the king of Thailand, the successful surgery of conjoined twins or the Malaysian airline that went missing are some of the example of this category. These type of news bring out the emotional side of humans if by any chance they are connected to these kind of news. The accidental death of the king of Thailand on October 13, 2016 caused a stir worldwide and had a huge impact on the people of Thailand (Barker, 2016, p.1). Prominence also plays a major part in making of the news and media worldwide cover many prominent people or events. This type of news covers mostly prominent personalities in terms of wealth or fame, during a movie release, or on album release (Cohen and Young, 1981, p. 147). For instance, Bill Gates is a world famous personality because of his Microsoft business, which has contributed to technological advancements globally. Wherever he goes, media always have something or the other to take note of his movements. The president of the US also receives huge media attention and receives huge coverage all around the world. This kind of news receives partial attention because they have a positive impact on the society and people have interests in them (Lau, 2004, p. 701). Proximity is defined as those kind of news which informs the people about the things that are trending in the community. This news constantly updates the listeners about the local issues that are taking place around their surroundings. (Donald, 2004, p. 450). The local news reports about the day-to-day affairs that are taking place in a particular state or a country and are so powerful that they can make or break governments in a course of time. For example, a series of criminal events may lead to the transfer of the head of police or deploying more officers in the community for the greater benefit in the future. This news defines the quality of life in which a community survives and the news of the local community helps in maintaining peace or as an evidence if there is some case going on in the court about someone. If any news channels reports about anything good that is happening in a neighboring community, then all the other communities can start that same practice, live together in harmony, and be successful. (Pavlik, 2000, p. 235). Timeliness is one of the characteristics of news reporting. Whenever there is a change in any existing law or practice, the media covers it and the person gets first hand information of these (Karmen, 2005, p. 160). Reporting of such events amounts to news as these events happen rarely and when they do they become the most talked about event in the society as they create an impact on the society. An example of such news is the change in the tax slabs or the increase in the percentage of taxes that has to be paid by an individual. These changes affects people who are accustomed to the daily routine and it takes time to settle in as they do not happen frequently. The time when the event is reported defines it as news because it is frequently reported over a period and the news becomes more of information to the masses. (Livingstone, 2003, p. 340). Inattention and poor judgment by an individual are some of the common errors that happen regarding the news. Reporters also report wrong news, which leads to catastrophical outcomes amongst the masses, environment or the ecosystem. An example of such mistake was the news about the British Petroleum pipes that broke in the ocean resulting in spilling of oil. The news was falsified and spoke about the failure of staff in Kenya Airways, which was running on loss for quite a few years. This resulted in delay of flights and affected people around the world (Onjoro, 2016, p. 1). A report about the changes that are taking place in a particular system is also worthy of news. These changes maybe normal proceedings or technological advancements by introducing new systems (Simon, 2000, p. 435). For example, a change in the salaries of the workers in a company or acquiring new weapons by the army amounts to news. However, these news are only relevant to the parties that the news are concerned about. The interest of the reporter also defines news as the reporter is the first person to be present while the news is being made. So the value of the reporter is very much needed and respected (Simon, 2000, p. 23). The view of the editor is also very important while making news because the events have to be approved by the directors in order to make the news public. This may create true or false news, which can be reported to the public if the editor has no knowledge about the occurrence of the event (Aeron, 2000, p. 290). An editor plays an important role about the news that is being reported to the public. Secrecy is also maintained as much information is hidden from the public as it might create outrage. These types of news are of great importance as the nationalized security or world security facts may leak out to other countries (Federation of American Scientists, 2016, p. 1). In such typical situations, there is a conflict of interest and the dealings with the public are made open so that there is no confusion (Van Hout and Jacobs, 2008, p.70). The news that deals with factual evidences is known as hard news. Whenever this type of news happens, people get to know about it even if there is some other news that the channel is showing. This news has a limited time and is perished quickly when there is another hard news (Leigh, 2009, p. 1). They include event such as fatal accidents, natural disasters and even fire. The aim of the news needs to be fair, credible and to achieve a certain objective. Reference List Aeron, D., 2000a. Public relations, business news and the reproduction of corporate elite power. Journalism, 1, p. 282-304. Barker, A., 2016. The Life of Bhumibol Adulyadej: Thailand's revered king leaves a politically uncertain nation in his wake. [Online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-10-13/thailand-king-bhumibol-adulyadej-dead-at-88/6800262 [Accessed 14 October 2016]. Cohen, S., and Young. J., 1981. The manufacture of news: social problems, deviance and the mass media. Ed. Galtung, J., and Ruge, M., 'Structuring and selecting news'. p. 142-168. Donald, M., 2004.Weblogs and the epistemology of the news: Some trends in online journalism. New Media Society, 6, p. 443-468. Federation of American Scientists, 2016. The International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons. [Online] Available at: https://www.icanw.org/the-facts/nuclear-arsenals/ [Accessed 14 October 2016]. Fishman, M., 1999. 'Manufacturing the news', p. 102-111. Gans, H., 1999. 'Deciding what's news' p. 235-248. Karmen, E., 2005. Hybrid public relations news discourse. European Journal of Communication, 20, p. 155-179. Lau, R. K., 2004. Critical realism and news production. Media Culture and Society, 26, p. 693-711. Leigh, V., 2009. How to write a News Story, [Online] Available at: https://www.embl.de/aboutus/communication_outreach/writing_news_story.pdf [Accessed 14 October 2016]. Livingstone, S., 2003. The changing nature of audiences: From the mass audience to the interactive media user. In A.N. Valdivia (ed.), A companion to Media Studies. Oxford: Blackwell, p. 337-359. Onjoro, V., 2016. Reasons for the Failure of Kenya Airways. [Online] Available at: https://www.academia.edu/14825868/REASONS_FOR_THE_FAILURE_OF_KENYA_AIRWAYS [Accessed 14 October 2016]. Pavlik, J.V., 2000. Journalism and new media. Journalistic Studies, 1(2), p. 229-237. Simon, C., 2000a. New(s) times: Towards a second wave of news ethnography. Communications: The European Journal of Communication Research, 25, p. 19-41. Simon, C., 2000b. Rethinking news Access. Journalism Studies, 1, p. 427 - 448. Van Hout, T. and Jacobs, G., 2008. News Production Theory and Practice: Fieldwork Notes on Power, Interaction and Agency. Pragmatics, 18(1), p. 59-85.